US School Garden Army: Tentara Pelajar AS Untuk Pertanian
Tentara Pelajar (TP ) adalah suatu kesatuan militer yang ikut mempertahankan kemerdekaan Indonesia dimana para anggotanya dari para pelajar. Terdapat beberapa istilah untuk penyebutan Tentara Pelajar yaitu di Jawa Timur Tentara Republik Indonesi Pelajar (TRIP), di Jawa TengahTentara Pelajar (TP) ,di Jawa Barat Corps Pelajar Siliwangi (CPS).
Cikal bakal berdirinya Tentara Pelajar bermula dari para pelajar yang pada awal kemerdekaan tergabung dalam satu-satunya organisasi pelajar yaitu Ikatan Pelajar Indonesia (IPI). Sewaktu Pemerintah Pusat Republik Indonesia hijrah dari Jakarta ke Yogyakarta, maka Pengurus IPI yang waktu itu diketuai oleh Tatang Machmud ikut pula hijrah ke Yogyakarta. Memenuhi tuntutan banyak anggota IPI yang menginginkan agar IPI mempunyai pasukan tempur sendiri, juga supaya pelajar-pelajar yang sudah bergabung dalam pasukan kelaskaran lain yang anggotanya bukan pelajar, maka dibentuklah apa yang waktu itu disebut IPI Bagian Pertahanan yang kemudian berubah nama menjadi Markas Pertahanan Pelajar (MPP) . MPP ini terdiri dari 3 resimen yaitu: Resimen A di Jawa Timur dipimpin oleh Isman, Resimen B di Jawa Tengah dipimpin oleh Soebroto, Resimen C di Jawa Barat dipimpin oleh Mahatma.
Kemudian pada 17 Juli 1946di Lapangan Pingit Yogyakarta atas perintah Markas Besar Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, oleh Mayor Jendral dr. Moestopo, seorang petinggi di MBTKR, telah dikukuhkan dan dilantik pasukan pelajar menjadi Tentara Pelajar.
Nama Tentara Pelajar diberikan kepada Bagian Pertahanan IPI setelah melebur jadi Brigade 17 TNI pada tahun 1948 di bawah kendali Markas Besar Komando Djawa (MBKD). Kesatuan pelajar ini dibagi menjadi 4 Detasemen: I untuk Jawa Timur yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Tentara Republik Indonesia Pelajar (TRIP) di bawah komando Isman; II di Solo, Semarang dan sekitarnya di bawah komando Achmadi; III di Yogyakarta, Kedu, Banyumas, Pekalongan dan sekitarnya di bawah komando Martono serta Detasemen IV di Cirebon dan Jawa Barat umumnya dengan julukan Tentara Pelajar Siliwangi (TPS) di bawah komando Solichin. Dan satu detasemen khusus teknik bernama Tentara Genie Pelajar (TGP) di bawah komando Hartawan.
Meskipun secara resmi ada pembagian wilayah komando, pergerakan kesatuan pelajar yang hanya ada di Indonesia ini sangat fleksibel. Antara satu dan lain komando wilayah dapat saling mendukung, bertukar wilayah atau bahkan berpindah-pindah kesatuan cukup dengan cara memberitahu markas komando atau komandan kesatuan setempat. Mobilitas kesatuan ini sangat fleksibel karena faktor situasional. Karena status mereka sebenarnya adalah pelajar atau mahasiswa aktif yang sewaktu-waktu negara memanggil untuk berjuang, mereka segera berubah peran sebagai tentara.
Tentara Pelajar secara resmi dibubarkan pada awal 1951 dalam sebuah upacara demobilisasi. Masing-masing anggota diberi penghargaan dari Pemerintah RI mewakili negara berupa "uang jasa", semacam beasiswa, yang disebut KUDP dan besarnya variatif. Juga diberikan pilihan untuk melanjutkan studi yang terbengkelai selama menjadi tentara pejuang. Atau melanjutkan karir militer di TNI maupun Polri bagi yang berminat. Untuk menghormati jasa para anggota Tentara Pelajar kini nama Tentara Pelajar diabadikan menjadi sebuah nama jalan di kota besar di Indonesia.
Soldiers of the Soil: A Historical Review of the United States School Garden Army (SUmber)
By Rose Hayden-Smith
4-H Youth Development and Master Gardener Advisor,
UCCE-Ventura County
WINTER 2006, 20 pages
“Every boy and every girl should be a producer. Production is the first principle in education. The growing of plants and animals should therefore become an integral part of the school program. Such is the aim of the U.S. School Garden Army.”
With these words, the federal Bureau of Education (BOE) launched the United States School Garden Army (USSGA) during World War I. The USSGA represented an unprecedented governmental effort to make agricultural education a formal part of the public school curriculum throughout the United States.
While agricultural education for rural youth had been a government goal for several years, efforts to teach agricultural education to urban and suburban youth had been slower to take hold. The USSGA represented a shift in federal policy by strongly targeting urban and suburban youth.4 Using patriotic appeals (and no small degree of coercion), the government sought to enlist the aid of youth to raise food for America.
The USSGA exemplifies how Americans mediated competing urban and rural values during a period of rapid change and national transformation. Through the USSGA, positive values attributed to America’s rural past were recast and articulated in the largely urban milieu of gardening. Gardening itself offered a new synthesis of the urban and rural, as new techniques and methods pioneered by urban-led scientific agriculture blended with traditional rural folkways. The USSGA’s
curriculum reflected new educational philosophies that schooled urban youth in tasks traditionally associated with rural life.
After Armistice was signed in November of 1918, the National War Garden Commission, Food Administration, and Bureau of Education published “victory” editions of their manuals, revised posters to reflect Allied victory, and encouraged Americans to continue gardening. Gardening was needed to rebuild the world. However, despite these efforts, the USSGA was dismantled soon after Armistice was signed. Its cousins, the Liberty/Victory Garden and Woman’s Land Army programs, suffered the same fate, and quietly disappeared. Urban and rural Americans still gardened, of course, but Uncle Sam didn’t ask them to.
Tentara Pelajar secara resmi dibubarkan pada awal 1951 dalam sebuah upacara demobilisasi. Masing-masing anggota diberi penghargaan dari Pemerintah RI mewakili negara berupa "uang jasa", semacam beasiswa, yang disebut KUDP dan besarnya variatif. Juga diberikan pilihan untuk melanjutkan studi yang terbengkelai selama menjadi tentara pejuang. Atau melanjutkan karir militer di TNI maupun Polri bagi yang berminat. Untuk menghormati jasa para anggota Tentara Pelajar kini nama Tentara Pelajar diabadikan menjadi sebuah nama jalan di kota besar di Indonesia.
Soldiers of the Soil: A Historical Review of the United States School Garden Army (SUmber)
By Rose Hayden-Smith
4-H Youth Development and Master Gardener Advisor,
UCCE-Ventura County
WINTER 2006, 20 pages
“Every boy and every girl should be a producer. Production is the first principle in education. The growing of plants and animals should therefore become an integral part of the school program. Such is the aim of the U.S. School Garden Army.”
With these words, the federal Bureau of Education (BOE) launched the United States School Garden Army (USSGA) during World War I. The USSGA represented an unprecedented governmental effort to make agricultural education a formal part of the public school curriculum throughout the United States.
While agricultural education for rural youth had been a government goal for several years, efforts to teach agricultural education to urban and suburban youth had been slower to take hold. The USSGA represented a shift in federal policy by strongly targeting urban and suburban youth.4 Using patriotic appeals (and no small degree of coercion), the government sought to enlist the aid of youth to raise food for America.
The USSGA exemplifies how Americans mediated competing urban and rural values during a period of rapid change and national transformation. Through the USSGA, positive values attributed to America’s rural past were recast and articulated in the largely urban milieu of gardening. Gardening itself offered a new synthesis of the urban and rural, as new techniques and methods pioneered by urban-led scientific agriculture blended with traditional rural folkways. The USSGA’s
curriculum reflected new educational philosophies that schooled urban youth in tasks traditionally associated with rural life.
After Armistice was signed in November of 1918, the National War Garden Commission, Food Administration, and Bureau of Education published “victory” editions of their manuals, revised posters to reflect Allied victory, and encouraged Americans to continue gardening. Gardening was needed to rebuild the world. However, despite these efforts, the USSGA was dismantled soon after Armistice was signed. Its cousins, the Liberty/Victory Garden and Woman’s Land Army programs, suffered the same fate, and quietly disappeared. Urban and rural Americans still gardened, of course, but Uncle Sam didn’t ask them to.
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